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Approximate age:55,000 years old=average of minimum (0.05 Ma) and maximum (0.06 Ma)

Date based on: unspecified See map of sites with similar ages

Dating reference: Oakley, K. (2007). Frameworks for dating fossil man: Aldine.

Hominids: Homo sapiens      

Archaeology:Middle Stone Age (MSA)/Mousterian  Fire (hearths)  Late Stone Age (LSA)/Upper Paleolithic  

Important specimens: hominid radius, mandible fragment, fauna, Acheulean and MSA occurences

Notes: There are numerous different levels at this locality, including LSA (Bed 10), MSA (Beds 4-9), and Acheulean (Beds 1-3). The hominid fossis and the date come from the MSA levels. [Tobias, P. V. (2005). Human skeletal remains from the Cave of Hearths, Makapansgat, northern Transvaal. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 34(3), 335-367.] Fire use (Hearths): James, S. R., Dennell, R. W., Gilbert, A. S., Lewis, H. T., Gowlett, J. A. J., Lynch, T. F., et al. (1989). Hominid Use of Fire in the Lower and Middle Pleistocene: A Review of the Evidence [and Comments and Replies]. Current Anthropology, 30(1), 1-26.

Location: Makapansgat, northern Transvaal , South Africa
Map location/coordinates reference: Latham, A. G., & Herries, A. I. R. (2004). The formation and sedimentary infilling of the Cave of Hearths and Historic Cave complex, Makapansgat, South Africa. Geoarchaeology, 19(4), 323-342.

Key references:   
Fossilized.org presents precise geographic locations and current best date estimates for late Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene sites with human ancestor (hominin) fossils and archaeology. Several interactive visual interfaces allow users to generate maps and tables that relate localities, fossils, tools, and evolutioanry events with geography and time. The data content is dynamic and is updated daily, as are new interface features. This site started as a course syllabus for Anthropology 3101: Human Evolution 2 at California State University, East Bay, and grew with each quarter it was used. Now fossilized.org has over 200 sites and hundreds of bibliographic citations. Check back often for updates. human evolution database paleoanthropology biological anthropology database physical anthropology human origins coordinates site locations location latitude longitude age Pleistocene database Quaternary database Pliocene Holocene evolutionary history site database geochronology hominin hominidae hominid hominini acheulean oldowan middle stone age mousterian paleolithic late stone age neolithic hominin database hominin DB hominin darabase hominin dayabase hominin datavase hominid darabase hominid dayabase hominid datavase hominid database hominid fossil database human origins database hominin database hominin fossil database hominid skull human ancestor database fossil human ancestors best paleoanthropology site best paleoanthropology database best hominin database best hominid database hominin site database hominid site database coordinates map hominid site map hominin site map paleoanthropology site coordinates human evolution database human origins database fossil record database