| upper age limit boundary |
| approx. average age |
| lower age limit boundary |
rate entry
| 0.0448 |
C14 based on charcoal data from CONTEXT database [http://context-database.uni-koeln.de/index.php] and --- Housley 1994
Homo neanderthalensis
Mount Carmel
Fire refs: Schiegl S. Goldberg P. Bar-Yosef O. & Weiner S. (1996). Ash deposits in Hayonim and Kebara caves Israel: macroscopic microscopic and mineralogical observations and their archaeological implications. Journal of Archaeological Science 23 763-782.
Burial refs: Gargett R. H. (1999). Middle Palaeolithic burial is not a dead issue: the view from Qafzeh Saint-C»saire Kebara Amud and Dederiyeh. Journal of Human Evolution 37(1) 27-90.
Homo neanderthalensis
Fire refs: Schiegl S. Goldberg P. Bar-Yosef O. & Weiner S. (1996). Ash deposits in Hayonim and Kebara caves Israel: macroscopic microscopic and mineralogical observations and their archaeological implications. Journal of Archaeological Science 23 763-782.
Burial refs: Gargett R. H. (1999). Middle Palaeolithic burial is not a dead issue: the view from Qafzeh Saint-C»saire Kebara Amud and Dederiyeh. Journal of Human Evolution 37(1) 27-90.
Homo neanderthalensis
; Housley 1994
rate entry
| 0.0436 |
| 0.0452 |
Mellars P. (2006). A new C14 revolution and the dispersal of modern humans in Eurasia. Nature 439(7079) 931-935; C14 dating on charcoalReference: Robollo N.R. S. Weiner F. Brock L. Meignen P. Goldberg A. Belfer-Cohen O. Bar-Yosef E. Boaretto. New C14 dating of the transition from the Middle to the Upper Paleolithic in Kebara Cave Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science 38 (2011) 2424-2433.
Homo neanderthalensis
Mount Carmel
Fire refs: Schiegl S. Goldberg P. Bar-Yosef O. & Weiner S. (1996). Ash deposits in Hayonim and Kebara caves Israel: macroscopic microscopic and mineralogical observations and their archaeological implications. Journal of Archaeological Science 23 763-782.
Burial refs: Gargett R. H. (1999). Middle Palaeolithic burial is not a dead issue: the view from Qafzeh Saint-C»saire Kebara Amud and Dederiyeh. Journal of Human Evolution 37(1) 27-90.
Homo neanderthalensis
Fire refs: Schiegl S. Goldberg P. Bar-Yosef O. & Weiner S. (1996). Ash deposits in Hayonim and Kebara caves Israel: macroscopic microscopic and mineralogical observations and their archaeological implications. Journal of Archaeological Science 23 763-782.
Burial refs: Gargett R. H. (1999). Middle Palaeolithic burial is not a dead issue: the view from Qafzeh Saint-C»saire Kebara Amud and Dederiyeh. Journal of Human Evolution 37(1) 27-90.
Homo neanderthalensis
; Housley 1994
rate entry
| 0.02045 |
| 0.044 |
C14 based on soil ash data from CONTEXT database [http://context-database.uni-koeln.de/index.php] and --- Henry and Servello 1974
Homo neanderthalensis
0
; Henry and Servello 1974
rate entry
| 0.059 |
| 0.064 |
Date of burial KHM2 .059-.061 Ma from thermoluminescence and .060-.064 by ESR.Schwarcz H. P. Buhay W. M. Gr?ºn R. Valladas H. Tchernov E. Bar-Yosef O. & Vandermeersch B. (1989). ESR dating of the Neanderthal site Kebara Cave Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science 16(6) 653-659.
Homo neanderthalensis
0
Bar-Yosef O. Vandermeersch B. Arensburg B. Belfer-Cohen A. Goldberg P. Laville H. ... & Wilson L. (1992). The excavations in Kebara Cave Mt. Carmel [and comments and replies]. Current anthropology 497-550.